The Arabs conquered Malta in the 9th century and their rule brought many significant changes to the island. This period marked a turning point in Malta’s history, as the Arabs introduced new agricultural techniques, irrigation systems, and a host of cultural influences. The island, once under Byzantine control, now became part of the expanding Arab empire, which stretched across North Africa and into Europe.
The Arabs conquered Malta in the 9th century: Agricultural revolution under Arab rule
One of the most lasting changes during the Arab period was the improvement of Malta’s agriculture. The Arabs introduced advanced farming techniques, including the use of irrigation systems that helped the island’s farmers increase crop yields. They also cultivated new crops that were previously unknown in Malta, such as citrus fruits, including oranges and lemons. These crops would later become important to Malta’s economy and are still grown on the island today. The Arabs’ ability to transform Malta’s agricultural landscape was a significant part of their legacy.
Development of infrastructure and settlements
During their rule, the Arabs also improved the island’s infrastructure. They introduced the concept of fortified settlements, building small towns and villages that were designed for defense. These settlements were often located in elevated areas, providing protection from invaders. The Arab influence on Malta’s infrastructure is still evident in the layout of some of the island’s towns, where narrow, winding streets and fortified structures are characteristic of Arab planning.
Language and cultural impact
Arab influence on Malta extended to the language. The Maltese language, which is still spoken today, contains many words derived from Arabic. The Arabic language left its mark on Maltese, particularly in terms of everyday vocabulary. Words related to agriculture, crafts, and trade, such as “ħanut” (shop) and “ġnien” (garden), have Arabic origins. This linguistic legacy reflects the deep impact that Arab culture had on the island.
The end of Arab rule and lasting influence
By the 11th century, the Arab control of Malta began to fade as the Normans took over the island. However, the legacy of the Arab rule remained in the island’s agricultural practices, language, and infrastructure. Many of the changes introduced during the Arab period shaped the development of Malta for centuries to come. The island’s unique blend of Arab, Byzantine, and later European influences created a rich cultural tapestry that continues to define Malta today.